Cited Sources

Federal, tax, insurance, and court sources

• IRS settlement tax guidance: https://www.irs.gov/government-entities/tax-implications-of-settlements-and-judgments
• IRS Publication 4345: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p4345.pdf
• BLS nonfatal workplace injuries and illnesses: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/osh.nr0.htm
• BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/cfoi.nr0.htm
• Insurance Information Institute auto insurance statistics: https://www.iii.org/fact-statistic/facts-statistics-auto-insurance
• Insurance Information Institute dog-related injury claim release: https://www.iii.org/press-release/triple-i-state-farm-us-dog-related-injury-claim-payouts-hit-157-billion-in-2024-041625
• National Center for State Courts caseload data: https://www.ncsc.org/explore-court-caseload-data
• American Bar Association Find Legal Help: https://www.americanbar.org/groups/legal_services/flh-home/

State statute sources cited for limitation periods

• Alabama: Ala. Code § 6-2-38(l); medical malpractice Ala. Code § 6-5-482; wrongful death Ala. Code § 6-5-410(d). https://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/1975/6-2-38.htm
• Alaska: Alaska Stat. § 09.10.070(a); medical malpractice Alaska Stat. § 09.10.070; wrongful death Alaska Stat. § 09.55.580. https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp
• Arizona: A.R.S. § 12-542; medical malpractice A.R.S. § 12-542; wrongful death A.R.S. § 12-542. https://www.azleg.gov/ars/12/00542.htm
• Arkansas: Ark. Code Ann. § 16-56-105; medical malpractice Ark. Code Ann. § 16-114-203; wrongful death Ark. Code Ann. § 16-62-102. https://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/ArkansasLaw
• California: Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 335.1; medical malpractice Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 340.5; wrongful death Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 335.1. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=335.1&lawCode=CCP
• Colorado: Colo. Rev. Stat. §§ 13-80-102, 13-80-101; medical malpractice Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-80-102.5; wrongful death Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-80-102. https://leg.colorado.gov/agencies/office-legislative-legal-services/colorado-revised-statutes
• Connecticut: Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-584; medical malpractice Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-584; wrongful death Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-555. https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_926.htm#sec_52-584
• Delaware: 10 Del. C. § 8119; medical malpractice 18 Del. C. § 6856; wrongful death 10 Del. C. § 3724. https://delcode.delaware.gov/title10/c081/sc02/index.html#8119
• District of Columbia: D.C. Code § 12-301(8); medical malpractice D.C. Code § 12-301(8); wrongful death D.C. Code § 16-2702. https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/12-301
• Florida: Fla. Stat. § 95.11(4)(a); medical malpractice Fla. Stat. § 95.11(4)(c); wrongful death Fla. Stat. § 95.11(4)(d). https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/95.11
• Georgia: O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33; medical malpractice O.C.G.A. § 9-3-71; wrongful death O.C.G.A. § 9-3-33. https://www.legis.ga.gov/
• Hawaii: Haw. Rev. Stat. § 657-7; medical malpractice Haw. Rev. Stat. § 657-7.3; wrongful death Haw. Rev. Stat. § 663-3. https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/
• Idaho: Idaho Code § 5-219(4); medical malpractice Idaho Code § 5-219(4); wrongful death Idaho Code § 5-311. https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/
• Illinois: 735 ILCS 5/13-202; medical malpractice 735 ILCS 5/13-212; wrongful death 740 ILCS 180/2. https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp
• Indiana: Ind. Code § 34-11-2-4; medical malpractice Ind. Code § 34-18-7-1; wrongful death Ind. Code § 34-23-1-1. https://iga.in.gov/laws/2025/ic/titles/34
• Iowa: Iowa Code § 614.1(2); medical malpractice Iowa Code § 614.1(9); wrongful death Iowa Code § 614.1(2). https://www.legis.iowa.gov/law/iowaCode
• Kansas: Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-513(a)(4); medical malpractice Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-513; wrongful death Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-513. https://www.ksrevisor.org/statutes/
• Kentucky: Ky. Rev. Stat. §§ 413.140, 304.39-230; medical malpractice Ky. Rev. Stat. § 413.140(1)(e); wrongful death Ky. Rev. Stat. § 413.180. https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/Statutes/statute.aspx?id=45816
• Louisiana: La. Civ. Code art. 3493.1; medical malpractice La. Rev. Stat. § 9:5628; wrongful death La. Civ. Code arts. 2315.2, 3493.1. https://legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=1386443&p=y
• Maine: 14 M.R.S. § 752; medical malpractice 24 M.R.S. § 2902; wrongful death 18-C M.R.S. § 2-807. https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/
• Maryland: Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-101; medical malpractice Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 5-109; wrongful death Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-904. https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText
• Massachusetts: Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 260, § 2A; medical malpractice Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 260, § 4; wrongful death Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 229, § 2. https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws
• Michigan: Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5805; medical malpractice Mich. Comp. Laws §§ 600.5805, 600.5838a; wrongful death Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.5805. https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL
• Minnesota: Minn. Stat. § 541.05 subd. 1(5); medical malpractice Minn. Stat. § 541.076; wrongful death Minn. Stat. § 573.02. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/
• Mississippi: Miss. Code § 15-1-49; medical malpractice Miss. Code § 15-1-36; wrongful death Miss. Code § 15-1-49. https://www.legislature.ms.gov/
• Missouri: Mo. Rev. Stat. § 516.120(4); medical malpractice Mo. Rev. Stat. § 516.105; wrongful death Mo. Rev. Stat. § 537.100. https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=516.120
• Montana: Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-204; medical malpractice Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-205; wrongful death Mont. Code Ann. § 27-2-204. https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/
• Nebraska: Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-207; medical malpractice Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-222; wrongful death Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-810. https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/laws.php
• Nevada: Nev. Rev. Stat. § 11.190(4)(e); medical malpractice Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41A.097; wrongful death Nev. Rev. Stat. § 11.190. https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/
• New Hampshire: N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 508:4; medical malpractice N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 508:4; wrongful death N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 556:11. https://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/indexes/default.html
• New Jersey: N.J. Stat. § 2A:14-2; medical malpractice N.J. Stat. § 2A:14-2; wrongful death N.J. Stat. § 2A:31-3. https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/bill-search
• New Mexico: N.M. Stat. § 37-1-8; medical malpractice N.M. Stat. § 41-5-13; wrongful death N.M. Stat. § 41-2-2. https://www.nmlegis.gov/LegalResources/Statutes
• New York: N.Y. C.P.L.R. 214(5); medical malpractice N.Y. C.P.L.R. 214-a; wrongful death N.Y. Est. Powers & Trusts Law § 5-4.1. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/214
• North Carolina: N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-52(16); medical malpractice N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-15(c); wrongful death N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-53(4). https://www.ncleg.gov/Laws/GeneralStatutes
• North Dakota: N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-16; medical malpractice N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-18; wrongful death N.D. Cent. Code § 28-01-18. https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t28c01.pdf
• Ohio: Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.10; medical malpractice Ohio Rev. Code § 2305.113; wrongful death Ohio Rev. Code § 2125.02. https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code
• Oklahoma: Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 95(A)(3); medical malpractice Okla. Stat. tit. 76, § 18; wrongful death Okla. Stat. tit. 12, § 1053. https://oksenate.gov/statutes
• Oregon: Or. Rev. Stat. § 12.110(1); medical malpractice Or. Rev. Stat. § 12.110(4); wrongful death Or. Rev. Stat. § 30.020. https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors012.html
• Pennsylvania: 42 Pa.C.S. § 5524(2); medical malpractice 42 Pa.C.S. § 5524; wrongful death 42 Pa.C.S. § 5524(2). https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/42/00.055.024.000..HTM
• Rhode Island: R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-14(b); medical malpractice R.I. Gen. Laws § 9-1-14.1; wrongful death R.I. Gen. Laws § 10-7-2. https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/
• South Carolina: S.C. Code § 15-3-530(5); medical malpractice S.C. Code § 15-3-545; wrongful death S.C. Code § 15-51-40. https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php
• South Dakota: S.D. Codified Laws § 15-2-14; medical malpractice S.D. Codified Laws § 15-2-14.1; wrongful death S.D. Codified Laws § 21-5-3. https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes
• Tennessee: Tenn. Code § 28-3-104; medical malpractice Tenn. Code § 29-26-116; wrongful death Tenn. Code § 28-3-104. https://wapp.capitol.tn.gov/apps/tnlaw/
• Texas: Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.003(a); medical malpractice Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.251; wrongful death Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 16.003(b). https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/CP/htm/CP.16.htm#16.003
• Utah: Utah Code § 78B-2-307; medical malpractice Utah Code § 78B-3-404; wrongful death Utah Code § 78B-2-304. https://le.utah.gov/xcode/code.html
• Vermont: 12 V.S.A. § 512; medical malpractice 12 V.S.A. § 521; wrongful death 14 V.S.A. § 1492. https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/
• Virginia: Va. Code § 8.01-243(A); medical malpractice Va. Code § 8.01-243(A); wrongful death Va. Code § 8.01-244. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title8.01/chapter4/section8.01-243/
• Washington: Rev. Code Wash. § 4.16.080(2); medical malpractice Rev. Code Wash. § 4.16.350; wrongful death Rev. Code Wash. § 4.20.010. https://app.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=4.16.080
• West Virginia: W. Va. Code § 55-2-12; medical malpractice W. Va. Code § 55-7B-4; wrongful death W. Va. Code § 55-7-6. https://code.wvlegislature.gov/
• Wisconsin: Wis. Stat. § 893.54; medical malpractice Wis. Stat. § 893.55; wrongful death Wis. Stat. § 893.54. https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/893
• Wyoming: Wyo. Stat. § 1-3-105(a)(iv)(C); medical malpractice Wyo. Stat. § 1-3-107; wrongful death Wyo. Stat. § 1-38-102. https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title01.pdf

Medical malpractice cap citations

• Alabama med-mal cap: Ala. Code § 6-5-547 and related AMLA provisions - No broad compensatory med-mal cap identified; wrongful-death damages are punitive-only under Alabama doctrine.
• Alaska med-mal cap: Alaska Stat. § 09.17.010 - Noneconomic damages use a statutory formula cap; severe permanent impairment has a higher formula cap.
• Arizona med-mal cap: Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 31 - Constitution prohibits statutory caps on damages for personal injury or death.
• Arkansas med-mal cap: Ark. Const. art. 5, § 32; Ark. Code Ann. § 16-114-201 et seq. - No broad med-mal compensatory damages cap identified in current statute.
• California med-mal cap: Cal. Civ. Code § 3333.2 - 2026 MICRA noneconomic cap: $470,000 for injury claims and $650,000 for wrongful death claims; annual increases continue.
• Colorado med-mal cap: Colo. Rev. Stat. § 13-64-302 - Health Care Availability Act uses medical malpractice limits and good-cause exceptions; verify current indexed figures before relying.
• Connecticut med-mal cap: Conn. Gen. Stat. ch. 899 - No broad med-mal damages cap identified.
• Delaware med-mal cap: 18 Del. C. ch. 68 - No broad med-mal damages cap identified.
• District of Columbia med-mal cap: D.C. Code tit. 16 and 12 - No broad med-mal damages cap identified.
• Florida med-mal cap: Estate of McCall; N. Broward Hosp. Dist. v. Kalitan - Medical malpractice noneconomic caps were invalidated by Florida Supreme Court decisions; no broad cap currently used.
• Georgia med-mal cap: O.C.G.A. § 51-13-1; Atlanta Oculoplastic Surgery v. Nestlehutt - Statutory noneconomic cap invalidated; no broad med-mal compensatory cap.
• Hawaii med-mal cap: Haw. Rev. Stat. § 663-8.7 - Pain-and-suffering noneconomic damages capped at $375,000 in many tort actions, including med-mal context.
• Idaho med-mal cap: Idaho Code § 6-1603 - Indexed noneconomic damages cap based on Idaho Code base amount and annual adjustment; economic damages are not capped.
• Illinois med-mal cap: 735 ILCS 5/2-1706.5; Lebron v. Gottlieb Mem'l Hosp. - Medical malpractice noneconomic caps were held unconstitutional.
• Indiana med-mal cap: Ind. Code § 34-18-14-3 - Total recoverable damages are capped under the Medical Malpractice Act; Patient Compensation Fund applies above provider limits.
• Iowa med-mal cap: Iowa Code § 147.136A - Noneconomic damages are capped, with exceptions for substantial/permanent loss and certain severe injuries.
• Kansas med-mal cap: Kan. Stat. Ann. § 60-19a02; Hilburn v. Enerpipe - Statutory noneconomic caps were invalidated; no broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• Kentucky med-mal cap: Ky. Const. §§ 14, 54; Ky. Rev. Stat. ch. 411 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• Louisiana med-mal cap: La. Rev. Stat. § 40:1231.2(B) - Total damages cap of $500,000 plus future medical care under the Medical Malpractice Act.
• Maine med-mal cap: 24 M.R.S. ch. 21 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• Maryland med-mal cap: Md. Code, Cts. & Jud. Proc. § 3-2A-09 - 2026 health-care malpractice noneconomic cap is $920,000 for injury claims; wrongful-death multi-beneficiary cap is higher.
• Massachusetts med-mal cap: Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 231, § 60H - Noneconomic damages capped at $500,000 unless statutory exceptions apply.
• Michigan med-mal cap: Mich. Comp. Laws § 600.1483 - 2026 noneconomic cap is indexed; Michigan publishes standard and catastrophic limits annually.
• Minnesota med-mal cap: Minn. Stat. ch. 604 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• Mississippi med-mal cap: Miss. Code § 11-1-60 - Noneconomic damages capped at $500,000 in medical malpractice actions.
• Missouri med-mal cap: Mo. Rev. Stat. § 538.210 - Noneconomic cap is adjusted annually; Missouri publishes separate catastrophic and non-catastrophic caps.
• Montana med-mal cap: Mont. Code Ann. § 25-9-411 - Noneconomic damages capped at $250,000 in medical malpractice cases.
• Nebraska med-mal cap: Neb. Rev. Stat. § 44-2825 - Total damages are capped under the Hospital-Medical Liability Act for qualified providers.
• Nevada med-mal cap: Nev. Rev. Stat. § 41A.035 - 2026 noneconomic cap is $590,000 under the phased statutory schedule.
• New Hampshire med-mal cap: N.H. Rev. Stat. ch. 507-E - No broad med-mal damages cap identified.
• New Jersey med-mal cap: N.J. Stat. tit. 2A - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• New Mexico med-mal cap: N.M. Stat. § 41-5-6 - Medical malpractice claims against qualified providers use Patient Compensation Fund limits and statutory caps; verify provider status.
• New York med-mal cap: N.Y. C.P.L.R. and Public Health Law - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• North Carolina med-mal cap: N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-21.19 - Noneconomic med-mal damages cap is indexed; severe disfigurement, loss of limb, permanent injury, or reckless conduct exceptions may apply.
• North Dakota med-mal cap: N.D. Cent. Code tit. 32 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• Ohio med-mal cap: Ohio Rev. Code § 2323.43 - Noneconomic damages are capped at the greater of $250,000 or 3x economic loss, subject to per-plaintiff and per-occurrence maximums; catastrophic injuries have higher caps.
• Oklahoma med-mal cap: Okla. Stat. tit. 23 and tit. 76 - No stable broad med-mal cap listed here; recent general noneconomic cap legislation should be verified against current Oklahoma law.
• Oregon med-mal cap: Or. Rev. Stat. ch. 31 - No broad med-mal damages cap identified; wrongful-death noneconomic caps have separate constitutional history.
• Pennsylvania med-mal cap: 40 Pa. Stat. § 1303.505 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified; MCARE fund and punitive rules may apply.
• Rhode Island med-mal cap: R.I. Gen. Laws tit. 9 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• South Carolina med-mal cap: S.C. Code § 15-32-220 - Noneconomic damages capped per claimant/provider with an aggregate cap, adjusted under statute.
• South Dakota med-mal cap: S.D. Codified Laws ch. 21-3 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• Tennessee med-mal cap: Tenn. Code § 29-39-102 - Noneconomic damages capped at $750,000; catastrophic injury cap is $1,000,000.
• Texas med-mal cap: Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.301 - Noneconomic damages capped at $250,000 against physicians/providers and additional capped amounts against health care institutions.
• Utah med-mal cap: Utah Code § 78B-3-410 - Noneconomic damages in malpractice actions are capped by statute; verify current figure and applicability.
• Vermont med-mal cap: 12 V.S.A. ch. 23 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• Virginia med-mal cap: Va. Code § 8.01-581.15 - Total malpractice damages cap is $2.70 million for Jul. 1, 2025 through Jun. 30, 2026, increasing by schedule.
• Washington med-mal cap: Rev. Code Wash. ch. 7.70 - No broad med-mal compensatory cap identified.
• West Virginia med-mal cap: W. Va. Code § 55-7B-8 - Noneconomic damages capped at a base amount, with higher cap for specified severe injuries and annual adjustment.
• Wisconsin med-mal cap: Wis. Stat. § 893.55(4) - Noneconomic damages capped at $750,000 in medical malpractice actions.
• Wyoming med-mal cap: Wyo. Const. art. 10, § 4 - Constitution prohibits limits on damages for personal injury or death.

Editorial source policy

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